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IC > 

°POPULAR TELEGRAPH INSTRUCTOR. 

A KUDIMENTABY TREATISE 

ON THE 

ART OF TELEGRAPHING, 



AETHUE POTTEE. 






Improved Telegraph Instrument for Learners, ( See Appendix.) 

MANUFACTURED BY 

FLEMMING, POTTER & CO., 
PRACTICAL ELECTRICIANS AND TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS, 

MANUFACTURERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS, 

'electric telegraph works, 

N. E. corner Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 



FLEMMING, POTTER & CO. 

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTHUMEKTand MODEL MAKERS, 

y* M cor. 4th and Chestnut, Philadelphia. 

Investors' Models carefully executed. Repairing done 
promptly and 'neatly. 



FLEMMING, POTTER & CO. 

KPROVEO TELEGRAPH RELftY. 

This Instrument is constructed on the most correct 
principles ; possesses ample power, and gives only half the 
resistance of other relays. 



Telegraph Instruments, Batteries, Lines, &c. 

Tested by scientific methods. All Electrical Apparatus 
sent out from these "Works are carefully proved. 



ELECTRO-PLATERS, AND TYPERS' BATTERIES MADE TO ORDER. 



Complete sets of Electro-Plating Apparatus for 
Amateurs, with instructions for using the same. 



THE 



TELEGRAPH INSTRUCTOR. 



A RUDIMENTARY TREATISE 



ART OF TELEGRAPHING, 



AETHUE POTTEE. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY FLEMMING, POTTER & CO., 

ELECTRICIANS AND TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURERS. 
187 0. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
FLEMMING, POTTER & CO., 
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern 
District of Pennsylvania. 



%'■ 




PEEFAOE. 



This work is written with a view to popularize the 
Art of Telegraphing and for the use of beginners, in 
the hope that a more general knowledge of the system 
may lead to more extended usefulness of this modern 
mode of communication. 

The acquisition of this art need not be looked on 
as a necessity for becoming a telegraph operator alone, 
but as a necessary element of education for Military, 
Naval, and Civil Service Appointment; for Railway 
Business; Bankers and Brokers Offices, and all large 
commercial establishments, where telegraphing is now 
adopted as an adjunct for facilitating business. 

The probability of every person having it within 
their means to have telegraphic communication, at a 
cost little exceeding their own time for manipulating, 
makes a knowledge of the art desirable. In many 
places where the business will not pay for the services 
of a special operator, parties might send and receive 
their own despatches, for the fact of having a wire 
pass your door will ultimately be equivalent to having it 
for your own use, if the mode of operating is familiar 



to you. Under such circumstances it will become as 
necessary to have telegraph instruments in your house 
as it now is to have a bell at the door. 

That the present system and instruments are not so 
perfect as desirable, the writer admits, but the princi- 
ples of the art being the same as in our verbal commu- 
nications, the basis of all future improvements in 
telegraphing will remain as now. 

The Author having studiously avoided all techni- 
calities, and endeavored to make it a simple elementary 
work, trusts to its reaching the children, for whom it 
is intended, after those who select their studies, have 
read the preface. 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



The word "Telegraph" signifying to "write at a 
distance," (from "Grapho," I write; and "Tele," a 
distance,) is the same as speaking at a distance, for 
writing is but the representation of speech made sensi- 
ble to the eyes instead of the ears. 

For speaking, to be understood, it is necessary for 
the persons talking to know the language of each 
other, so that our power of speech may convey the 
thoughts of the mind to the person we are speaking 
to. Thus our daily conversation is only the exchange 
of sounds, in various combinations, that are understood 
only between those who have learned the same 
combination. The German, French, and English lan- 
guages being only different combinations of the same 
sounds. The exceptions in all languages are that the 
deaf may read by sight and the blind by the touch or 
sound. 

For any person to read, the rule for talking applies, 
for it is necessary to know beforehand the characters 
or signs that represent the thoughts of the writer; 
then the combination of these signs convey to the 



b THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 

mind, through the eye, the writer's expressions, the 
same as if they had been spoken. 

In Telegraphing., it is also necessary for at least two 
persons to know the same signs, or communications at 
a distance would be impossible. 

The signs now used in telegraphing are simple, and 
easily made known by simple mechanism, through any 
distance. 

The Morse Alphabet, as used in this country for 
telegraphing, is made up of the following combination 
of signs, called dots and dashes : 

a b c d e f g h i j k 



These are the written signs by which the words are 
spelled, and can be written or embossed on paper (by 
means of electricity) at any distance. These letters 
are distinguished by the combinations, thus: (dot, dash, 
for a,) (dash, three dots, b,) &c. Some letters are called 
spaced letters, as c, o, r, y, and z, and known thus: (two 
dots, space, dot, for c,) (dot, space, dot, o,) &c, &c. 
The letter 1 is represented by a dash twice the length 
of t. 

To learn these combinations thoroughly and to 
know them in every possible relative position they can 
be placed in, is the first step to telegraphing. 

Learners should practice, by writing with these signs, 
words and sentences, calling out, as they write, each 
letter, the name and number of its combinations, thus: 
(dash, t,) (dot, space, two dots, r,) (two dots, dash, u,) 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 7 

(dot, e,) _ _ . "true." A little patient 

practice and perseverance will make the pupil master 
of the written alphabet. It is always preferable for 
two or more persons to study together. 

The signs may also be represented by sounds, like 
ordinary writing, for instance, two bells of different 
tones may be used; strike one for dots, the other for 
dashes, and the ear will soon recognize the letters, by 
ding, dong, a; dong, ding, ding, ding, b, &c. 

In practice only one bell or sounder is used, the tone 
being of no consequence, this is called "sound opera- 
ting," and the dots and dashes are distinguished by 
marking regular time for each, the same as in music. 

To make a dot, strike with a hammer as you count 
one and raise it instantly; to make a dash, strike and 
count four, then raise again. The dash taking four 
times as long as the dot. 

Telegraphing by sound is considered the most per- 
fect operating, and to succeed in this, the art of sending 
distinctly is the most important, every sound must be 
uniformly distinct and made in the proper time to 
represent the letters, every letter must be equally dis- 
tinct, and each word must be clearly divided from any 
other, this can be done with practice, whether the rate 
of sending is fast or slow. 

To insure this uniformity of sending or signalling, the 
spaces as well as the signs must also be in marked 
time. 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



SPACING. 

The space between the parts of a letter (except in 
spaced letters,) must be while you count one thus: 

A B 

A: dot 1, space BMBHP B: dash 4, space l,dot 
1, dash 4. HBmfifl 1, space 1, dot 1, space 

1, dot 1. 
The space between different letters in the same 
icord should be while you count three, thus : 



"duty." 



In spaced letters count two for the space, thus 





"Cook." 



The letter L may be prolonged to count eight and 
called long dash. 

Spaces between words last while counting four, thus: 



The following exercise will aid the memory, and 
two persons will be instructed at same time. Ask the 
questions in any irregular order. 

QUESTION. ANSWER. 

What is dot, dash] . A 

What is dash, three dots'? B 

What is two dots, space, dot? ... C 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



What 
What 
What 

What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
W r hat 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
W T hat 
What 
What 
What 
What 



s dash, two dots? 

s dot! 

s dot, dash, dot? 

s clash, dash, dot] 

s four dots] 

s two dots? 

s dash, dot, dash, dot? 

s dash, dot, dash] 

s long dash] 



s two dashes? 

s dash, dot] 

s dot, space, dot] . .' 

s five dots] 

s two dot?, dash, dot] . . . 

s dot, space, two dots \ ... 

s three dots] 

s dash] 

s two dots, dash] 

s three dots, dash ? 

s dot, two dashes ? . . 

s dot, dash, two dots? . . 

s two dots, space, two dots ] . . . . 

s three dots, space, dot? .... 

Reverse the last exercise by making questions of 
the answers, thus: What is A? dot, dash; &c, &c. 
Continue these exercises until the characters become 
familiar. 

Persons engaged in any occupation where it is con- 
venient to post a placard in view, should write out the 
alphabet in large characters and have it before them. 
This should always be done in schools or classes. 

Exercises in schools on the blackboard will suggest 
themselves to all teachers. 



D 

E 
F 
G 
H 

I 

J 

K 

L 

M 
N 
o 
p 

Q 
R 

S 
T 

U 

V 

w 

X 
Y 

Z 



10 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 




The apparatus used for telegraphing by sound, con- 
sist of the battery, sounder, key, and connecting wires. 
No. 1 represents a pair of plates form- 
ing an Electric Battery, Z is zinc, C 
are copper, (or carbon.) These plates 
are placed in glass jars containing 
acid water solutions, one zinc and one 
copper in each jar, and connected by 
a wire from the copper in one jar to 
the zinc in the next, the dotted line 
Figure No. i. shows the two end plates connected 
by a wire, and forms a circuit; when this is done the 
electricity generated in the battery passes around the 
circuit, and affects the whole length of the connecting 
wire whether it is long or short, the electric force being 
exerted in the direction of the arrow, but the action 
ceases when any connecting wire or part of the circuit 
is opened or cut, therefore the arrow only shows the 
result of connecting the two ends of the battery by a 
wire. 

The connecting of the two ends of a battery by the 
ground, or earth, produces the same result as doing it 
by a wire, and is done in the manner shown in fig. 2. 

The distance be- 
tween Z and G or C 
and G is of no conse- 
quence, the Battery is 
set in action by putting 
the two wires into the 
ground at G G, and its 
Figure No. 2. effects influence the 

whole length of these two wires. 

To detect the electric force travelling through the 




I 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



11 



wire several methods can be used, the one suitable for 
our purpose is called an electro-magnet. 

The electro-magnet is a magnet produced by the 
action of electricity, it has the properties of ordinary 
steel magnets, and will attract and hold iron in the 
same way; but it is only a magnet so long as the elec- 
tricity influences it, and the instant that influence ceases 
it loses the power of attracting iron. 

An electro-magnet is made of soft iron rod, with 
covered wire wound around it several times, the cover- 
ing is to prevent the wire touching the iron, or any 
part of the wire touching any other part. 

The two ends of the wire of an electro-magnet, 
connected to the two ends of a battery at C and Z, will 
cause the electricity to pass through the wire and 
around the soft iron; while this takes place the iron is 
magnetized, and will attract and hold another piece of 
iron until the wire is disconnected from the battery. 




Figure No. 3. 

Figure No. 3 is an electro-magnet bent so as to 



12 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



bring the two ends near together, and the magnetism 
at each end acts together in attracting a piece of iron. 

1, 1, 1, is the soft iron core. 

2, 2, is the covered wire around the core. 

3 is a spring to hold M away from the core. 

W, W, the two ends of wire. 

M, soft iron bar, supported above the magnet and 
called an armature. 

The armature, if conveniently fixed, will be attracted 
by the magnet every time W W are connected to the 
battery, and is pulled back by the spring when discon- 
nected from the battery, in this way a succession of 
downward and upward movements can be produced, 
the downward stroke having considerable force and 
producing very sharp and distinct sounds if anything 
is arranged to receive the blow. 

A key is employed to make the motions of the 
armature regular, and at the proper intervals, for rep- 
resenting dots and dashes bv these sounds. 




Figure No. 4. 



Figure No. 4 represents a simple key. 
A is the finger key of spring metal. 
B is a metal stud screwed through D. 
13 is a wooden base to which A and B are fastened. 
1 and 2 are wires attached to the screws on A and B. 
Connect 1 and 2 of key to C and Z of battery, and 
the battery will extend to A and B. 

Now press down A until it touches B and the battery 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



13 



circuit will be completed, so that the electricity passes 
from one end of battery through the key and back to 
the other end of battery. It will be seen by this, that 
wherever there is a continuation of metal that the elec- 
tricity will traverse it. 

To hold down A while you count one will set the 
battery in action to represent a dot; to hold it down 
while counting four, a dash; therefore all the signs or 
sounds are produced by the length of time the key is 
held down on B, and the spaces by the length of time 
it remains off B. 

The following sketch illustrates the manner of con- 
necting the complete apparatus for working one 
instrument. 




Figure No. 5. 
Figure No. 5 shows the arrangement for working 



14 THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 

one sounder only, and it should be noticed that the 
wires connected with the battery make a complete cir- 
cuit through the whole apparatus when the key is 
depressed. 

Completing the circuit of the battery is the only 
way to set the electric force free to perform the work 
required. 

As a downward motion of the key produces a down- 
ward motion of the armature, sounds of different dura- 
tion can be produced on the sounder by operating on 
the key. 

The stud S (Fig. 5,) on the top of one end of the 
electro-magnet, is made of copper or brass and inserted 
in the iron core, the purpose of this is to receive the 
blow that produces the sound, and to prevent the 
armature from touching the cores as it is attracted 
towards them. 

If the armature is allowed to touch the cores, they 
acquire some permanent magnetism and the instru- 
ment is thereby injured. To prevent the contact 
between these parts, adjusting screws are generally 
used, and the learner must always remember what they 
are for and adjust accordingly. 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



15 



Figure No. 6 shows 
the method of connect- 
ing the wires between 
two distant offices. One 
end of the battery at 
each office is connected 
to the ground; in one 
office zinc to ground, 
and in the other copper 
to ground; and the oppo- 
site ends are connected 
to the instruments. The 
ground connections are 
generally made by at- 
taching one end of the 
battery wire to either a 
gas or water pipe that 
is laid under ground, in 
the absence of these, 
bury a piece of copper 
in the ground, where it 
is moist, and attach 
your wire. 

The use of the ground 
saves one wire, other- 
wise two wires would be 
necessary to complete 
the circuit of the battery, 
the space between the 
two ground connections 
may be considered by 
beginners the same as 
the dotted line in fig. 1. 

The ends of the bat- 
teries passing through 
the instruments to the 




16 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



line, it will be observed, are also different at the two 
ends, one being copper and the other zinc, this is neces- 
sary, for the two batteries have to work as one, and for 
a battery to work perfectly the plates must be arranged 
alternately, copper to zinc, copper to zinc throughout. 
The copper in New York connecting with the zinc in 
Philadelphia makes this continuous arrangement in 
proper order, only one pair of plates has a long wire 
and the instruments between them, while the other 
plates are connected by short wires from one jar to 
another. 

If the battery wire (Fig. No. 6) is traced, it will be 
seen that the electricity cannot pass along the line in 
consequence of the keys being open at both ends, so 
that neither end can communicate with the other, 
because the circuit is not completed when you put 
down one key. To obviate this a switch is used to 
complete the circuit when the keys are up. 



*C \Y€ 






FiGUKE No. 7. 

The switch K (Fig. No. 7) is moved either to the 



THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 



17 



right or left until it rests on the studs R or S. On R 
for receiving and on S for sending. 

When receiving, the line continues from B to R 
through switch to back of A and instruments. 

When sending, switch is on S, and the line continues 
from B to A as you depress the key. 

Figure No. 8 shows the 
position of the su itches at 
two offices when working. 

The importance of this 
switch has led to several 
attempts to supersede it, 
but not very successfully, 
for the switch is still in 
general use. Its impor- 
tance arises from the fact, 
that any neglect to use it 
properly, stops all commu- 
nication. For sending and 
receiving it must be in the 
position indicated in figure 
No. 8. With beginners, 
there is great danger of the 
switch being left in the 
wrong position, and too 
much attention to this sub- 
ject cannot be possible with 
learners, it is as essential 
as the alphabet itself, and 
its prompt and proper use will save much annoyance 
and delay when working on a line. 

After sending a message with the switch on S, turn 
it instantly to R, which is the proper position for all 




18 THE ART OF TELEGRAPHING. 

switches when not actually working, this enables either 
office to receive the call signal. 

"The call signal may represent any letter or letters 
previously agreed upon, say P for Philadelphia and Y 
for New York. 

To call the attention of either end, repeat the signal 
of the office you want until answered by the same 
signal, this indicates that the office called is prepared 
to receive your message, which you may now send. 

Office practices, however, are minor matters and vary 
on different lines; these are easily acquired when duty 
in an office requires it. 

Figures and punctuation are signalled by special 
signs, but learners will do well to let them alone until 
they have acquired some proficiency in operating. 

To become a good operator much patience is de- 
manded, impetuous and careless sending is intolerable, 
and no excuse can be made for any exhibition of 
passion or want of forbearance while working. If your 
sending is not at first understood by the receiver, repeat 
it carefully and distinctly until it is, the receiver will 
thus feel encouraged and gain confidence, and the 
work between the two will soon pass on smooth 
and pleasantly. 

Learners may, as they progress, desire to know if 
they are competent operators, the writer can only say 
that to excel in the art requires constant practice, and 
to become a professional operator you must have con- 
siderable experience in a telegraph office, the stepping- 
stone to this is the thorough mastery of the rudiments, 
and a passable capacity for reading by sound. 

Some persons, probably, could never become opera- 
tors, though the writer in his experience has known a 
child of six years, and a man of forty, become very fair 



THE ART OP TELEGRAPHING. 19 

operators in a very short time, the one being adapted 
and the other determined, two very necessary qualifi- 
cations in this as in all studies, if you do not possess 
one or both of these attributes you will never be what 
is worthy the name of "Telegraph Operator." 



APPENDIX. 



FIGURES. 

4 5 



PUNCTUATION. 

. Period, . . ! Exclamation, 

, Comma, ' Apostrophe, 

: Colon, % Paragraph, 

? Interrogation, Italic, . — 

11 i i p' p p p 
Underlined, (Parenthesis,) 

"Inverted Commas," 

The three last signals are sent before and after the 
words or sentences intended to be so written. 



22 APPENDIX. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE LEARNER'S INSTRU- 
MENTS. 

The two binding posts at the back are connected 
with the coils of electro-magnet. The battery wires 
are attached to these posts as shown in the engraving. 

On the lever of the armature are three adjusting 
screws; one at the back end regulates the distance which 
the armature is to be from the ends of electro-magnet 
when it is up, this must be sufficient to give full play 
to the armature, which must always be within the 
attraction of the magnet. 

The second screw, in middle of lever, has a spring 
under it to lift up the armature when the key is up. 
This should be regulated to suit the 'strength of the 
battery, by screwing it downwards when the battery 
is strong and rapid signals required, and by turning 
it upwards when battery is weak. 

The third screw, on front of lever, is for regulating 
the downward stroke of armature, and must be ad- 
justed so that the armature may come very close to the 
electro-magnet, but not to touch it. 

The Electro-Magnet is inside the box and the two 
ends or poles can be seen under the armature. 

The Key on the right hand side has an adjusting 
screw over it, this regulates the motion of the key, 
which should never be very short for beginners but 
may be set closer as the pupil progresses. The points 
where the key and the stud under it are connected by 
working must be kept clean, this can be done by put*. 



APPENDIX. 23 

ting a piece of paper between them, pressing the key 
down and drawing the paper out from between them. 

The Switch on left hand side is used for working 
with one or more instruments. When working only 
one instrument the switch remains on stud S for send- 
ing. When two or more instruments are connected, 
the switch is on S for sending and turned on R for 
receiving; the switch and stud must be kept clean 
where they connect. 

The Battery, consisting of one pair of plates, is suf- 
ficient to work an instrument through a short distance, 
but if two instruments are connected the number of 
cups must be increased according to the distance be- 
tween them. Parties wanting extra batteries should 
say for what distance. 

The battery, supplied with these instruments, has a 
spare bottle w 7 hich should be kept empty, and when- 
ever the battery is not in use the plates may be 
removed from the solution and placed in the empty 
bottle, this will make them last much longer, and they 
will be in action for use as soon as they are replaced 
in the solution. 

The zinc plate is amalgamated with mercury by 
cleaning it thoroughly with dilute sulphurite acid and 
brushing it over with mercury until it is completely 
coated. 

When the battery becomes weak, the plates must 
be washed clean and the zinc recoated with mercury 
as above, when the original coating disappears. 

The solution must also be renewed from time to time 
according to the amount of work the battery performs. 

This battery will work with a solution containing 
one part of sulphuric acid and about twelve parts of 
clean water, or abetter solution called "Electropoion" 



24 APPENDIX. 

is made as follows: Five ounces bichromate of potash 
dissolved in a pint of hot water. Then in a separate 
vessel mix half a pint of sulphuric acid in a pint and a 
half of cold water, mix the two thoroughly and the 
solution is ready for use when cold. Mix all solutions 
in stoneware and not in glass. 

All battery solutions are more or less destructive to 
wearing apparel and every kind of fabric, consequently 
great care must be taken to place the battery where it 
cannot be upset; splashing of the solution or putting 
the hands into it must be carefully avoided. The so- 
lutions are all poisonous. 

When mixing sulphuric acid with water be sure to 
pour the acid slowly into the water, and not the water 
into the acid, this will prevent accident. 

Sulphuric acid is very liable to splash if poured out 
too fast, and may destroy whatever it touches if not 
removed at once. Stains on clothing, carpets, &c, 
produced by this acid, can be removed by rubbing the 
spots over with hartshorn or spirits of ammonia. 



WORKS ON THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH FOR USE OF STUIENTS 

AND OPERATORS. 

The Telegraph Instructor. A. Potter, Philadelphia. 
Smith's Manual. J. E. Smith, New York. 
Modern Practice of the Telegraph. F. L. Pope, New York. 
Hand Book of Practical Telegraphy. R. S. Culley, London. 
Electrical Measurements. L. Clark, London, 
ffi^" To be had of all booksellers. 






ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINES 

For Medicinal Use* 
With primary and secondary currents. 



ELECTRO-MAGNETIC TOYS & TRICKS. 



Electrometers, Galvanometers, Magnetometers, k 



Plug Switches, Lightning Arresters, Keys, Sounders, 
Eegisters, Dial Instruments, Eelays, Compasses, Binding- 
Posts, Clamps, &c, &c, &c. 

BATTERY PLATES and MATERIAL. 



Electrolapetic Enumerators or Mini Machines. 

These Machines will count a million with great ac- 
curacy, and are applicable to Printing Presses for counting, 
to Mill Works for measuring, &c, &c. 



FLEMMING, POTTER & CO. 

Telegraph Contractors & Builders 

N. E. Oor. Fourth and Chestnut Streets, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



PilVATI TEL68J1APM LINES 

Built in the most approved manner, and on reasonable 
terms. Every description of Telegraph Instruments for 
Private Lines manufactured and put up by us are guar- 
anteed. 



FLEMMING, POTTER & CO. 



MANUFACTURE 



# wptxwt fiutylM and gm JUamisu 

Buildings fitted up with these instruments by competent 
men, and work guaranteed. 



FLEMMING, POTTER &, CO.'S 

Improved Combination Battery for Private Lines is the 
cheapest, cleanest, neatest, and most durable Battery in 
use. Private Lines maintained and battery power sup- 
plied by the year. 



Gas Lighting by Electricity. 

Flemming, Potter & Co. recommend to large manufac- 
turers and others the application of Electricity for Gas 
Lighting, and thereby avoid the risks of Fire from the 
use of matches. 



Of great variety, made for use in private Houses and Hotels. 



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